Base64 encoding converts binary data to ASCII text format
URL encoding converts special characters for safe transmission in URLs
Hexadecimal converts text to base-16 representation
Binary converts text to base-2 (0s and 1s) representation
MD5 creates a 128-bit hash (one-way, cannot be decoded)
SHA-1 creates a 160-bit hash (one-way, cannot be decoded)
SHA-256 creates a 256-bit hash (one-way, cannot be decoded)
ROT13 is a simple letter substitution cipher (encoding and decoding are identical)